In the second posting, I provided the brief explanation for Functional Principal Component Analysis (FPCA).
In this posting, I will explain the FPCA in detail.
The goal of FPCA is to reduce the dimension while preserving the sufficient information. Thus we approximate infinite dimensional objects with finite dimensional ones.
FPCA
Suppose $X\in\mathcal{H}$ is a mean zero square integrable random function. Our goal is to find a set of orthonormal functions $\{u_1,\dots,u_p\}$ such that
$$S(u_1,\dots,u_p) = E \lVert X-\sum_{k=1}^p \langle X, u_k \rangle u_k \rVert ^2$$
as small as possible. And $\sum_{k=1}^0 \langle X, u_k \rangle u_k$is a projection of $X$ onto the subspace spanned by the $\{u_1, \dots, u_p\}$. The above equation can be rephrased by
$$E \lVert X-\sum_{k=1}^P \langle X, u_k \rangle u_k \rVert ^2 = E\lVert X \rVert ^2 - \sum_{k=1}^p E\langle X, u_k \rangle ^2$$
Since $S$ is the function of $u_1,\dots, u_p$, minimizing $S$ is equivalent to maximizing the second term of second formula. And the below equation holds.
$$\sum_{k=1}^p E\langle X, u_k \rangle ^2 = \sum_{k=1}^p \langle C(u_k), u_k \rangle$$
The maximum can be derived when $u_i = v_i$, it is the i-th eigenfunction of $C$.
Explained variance
With FPCA (or just PCA), we can obtain the explanation ratio(explained variance) for each eigenfunctions(eigenvectors in PCA).
Plug in the $v_i$ in the place of $u_i$, then we can obtain below equation and it can be interpreted as variance of$X$ explained by the projections.
$$E\lVert X \rVert ^2 - \sum_{k=1}^p E\langle X, v_k \rangle ^2 = \sum_{k=1}^\infty \lambda_k - \sum_{k=1}^p \lambda_k = \sum_{k=p+1}^\infty \lambda_k$$
Also, it indicates the approximation error between infinite and finite dimensional objects.
Then, the explained variance is as follows:
$$\frac{\sum_{k=1}^p \lambda_k}{\sum_{k=1}^\infty \lambda_k}$$
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